Invertebrates

Chapter 1
Introduction
Keeping Track of Life
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Where Did Invertebrates Come From?
Where Do Invertebrates Live?
Changing Views of Invertebrate Phylogeny
A Final Introductory Message to the Reader
Chapter 2
Systematics, Phylogeny, and Classification
Phylogeny, Monophyly, Paraphyly, and Polyphyly
Homology
Apomorphy and Plesiomorphy
Challenges of Phylogenetic Inference
Constructing Phylogenies
Biological Classification
Nomenclature
Chapter 3
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom: Animal Architecture and Body Plans
Body Symmetry
Cellularity, Body Size, Germ Layers, and Body Cavities
Locomotion and Support
Cilia and Flagella
Feeding and Digestion
Excretion and Osmoregulation
Circulation and Gas Exchange
Nervous Systems and Sense Organs
Bioluminescence
Nervous Systems and Body Plans
Hormones and Pheromones
Reproduction
Chapter 4
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom: Development, Life Histories, and Origin
Evolutionary Developmental Biology: Evo-Devo
Eggs and Embryos
Life Cycles: Sequences and Strategies
The Relationships Between Ontogeny and Phylogeny
The Origin of the Metazoa
Chapter 5
Phylum Porifera: The Sponges
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Poriferan Body Plan
Some Additional Aspects of Sponge Biology
Poriferan Phylogeny
Chapter 6
Two Enigmatic Phyla: Placozoa and Ctenophora (The Comb Jellies)
Phylum Ctenophora
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Ctenophoran Body Plan
Ctenophoran Phylogeny
Chapter 7
Phylum Cnidaria: Anemones, Corals, Jellyfish, and Their Kin
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Cnidarian Body Plan
Cnidarian Evolutionary History
Chapter 8
A Brief Introduction to the Bilateria and Its Major Clades
Deuterostomes and Protostomes
Chapter 9
Phylum Xenacoelomorpha: Basal Bilaterians
The Basal Bilaterian
Phylum Xenacoelomorpha
Subphylum Acoelomorpha
Class Acoela
The Acoel Body Plan
Class Nemertodermatida
The Nemertodermatid Body Plan
Subphylum Xenoturbellida
The Xenoturbellid Body Plan
Chapter 10
Protostomia, Spiralia, and the Phylum Dicyemida
Spiralia and Ecdysozoa
The Phylum Dicyemida (= Rhombozoa)
Anatomy and Biology of Dicyemidans
Life Cycles
Chapter 11
Gnathifera: The Phyla Gnathostomulida, Rotifera (including Acanthocephala), Micrognathozoa, and Chaetognatha
Phylum Gnathostomulida: The Gnathostomulids
The Gnathostomulid Body Plan
Phylum Rotifera: The Free-Living Rotifers
The Rotifer Body Plan
Body Cavity, Support, and Locomotion
Nervous System and Sense Organs
Reproduction and Development
Phylum Rotifera, Subclass Acanthocephala: The Acanthocephalans
The Acanthocephalan Body Plan
Phylum Micrognathozoa: The Micrognathozoans
The Micrognathozoan Body Plan
Phylum Chaetognatha
Chaetognath Classification
The Chaetognath Body Plan
Reproduction and Development
Chapter 12
Platytrochozoa and Two Enigmatic Phyla: Entoprocta and Cycliophora
Phylum Entoprocta: The Entoprocts
The Entoproct Body Plan
Phylum Cycliophora: The Cycliophorans
Chapter 13
Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa, and the Phylum Mollusca
The Lophotrochoza
Phylum Mollusca
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Molluscan Body Plan
Molluscan Evolution and Phylogeny
Chapter 14
Phylum Nemertea: The Ribbon Worms
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Nemertean Body Plan
Nemertean Phylogeny
Chapter 15
Phylum Annelida: The Segmented (and Some Unsegmented) Worms
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Annelid Body Plan
Sipuncula: The Peanut Worms
Sipunculan Classification
The Sipunculan Body Plan
Thalassematidae: The Spoon Worms
Siboglinidae: Vent Worms and Their Kin
Siboglinid Taxonomic History
The Siboglinid Body Plan
Hirudinea: Leeches and Their Relatives
The Hirudinean Body Plan
Orthonectida: Extremely Simplified Annelids
Annelid Phylogeny
Chapter 16
The Lophophorata: Phyla Phoronida, Bryozoa, and Brachiopoda
Taxonomic History of the Lophophorates
The Lophophorate Body Plan
Phylum Phoronida: The Phoronids
The Phoronid Body Plan
Phylum Bryozoa: The Moss Animals
The Bryozoan Body Plan
Phylum Brachiopoda: The Lamp Shells
The Brachiopod Body Plan
Chapter 17
Rouphozoa: The Phyla Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) and Gastrotricha (Hairy-Bellied Worms)
Introduction to Rouphozoa
The Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Platyhelminth Body Plan
Platyhelminth Phylogeny
Phylum Gastrotricha: The Gastrotrichs, or Hairy-Bellied Worms
The Gastrotrich Body Plan
Reproduction and Development
Chapter 18
Introduction to Ecdysozoa: Scalidophora (Phyla Kinorhyncha, Priapula, Loricifera)
Introduction to Ecdysozoa
The Scalidophora
Phylum Kinorhyncha: The Kinorhynchs, or Mud Dragons
The Kinorhynch Body Plan
Phylum Priapula: The Priapulans, or Penis Worms
Priapulan Body Plan
Nervous System and Sense Organs
Phylum Loricifera: The Loriciferans
Chapter 19
Nematoida: Phyla Nematoda and Nematomorpha
Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms
Nematode Classification
The Nematode Body Plan
Life Cycles of Some Parasitic Nematodes
Phylum Nematomorpha: Horsehair Worms and Their Kin
The Nematomorph Body Plan
Chapter 20
Panarthropoda and the Emergence of the Arthropods: Tardigrades, Onychophorans, and the Arthropod Body Plan
Phylum Tardigrada
The Tardigrade Body Plan
Phylum Onychophora
The Onychophoran Body Plan
An Introduction to the Phylum Arthropoda
The Arthropod Body Plan and Arthropodization
The Evolution of Arthropods
Chapter 21
Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Crustacea: Crabs, Shrimps, and Their Kin
Classification of the Crustacea
Synopses of Crustacean Taxa
The Crustacean Body Plan
Crustacean Phylogeny
Chapter 22
Phylum Arthropoda: Hexapoda
The Hexapod Body Plan
Hexapod Evolution
Chapter 23
Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Myriapoda: Centipedes, Millipedes, and Their Kin
Myriapod Classification
The Myriapod Body Plan
Myriapod Phylogeny
Chapter 24
Phylum Arthropoda: The Chelicerata
Synopses of Living Chelicerate Groups*
The Euchelicerate Body Plan
The Class Pycnogonida
The Pycnogonid Body Plan
Chelicerate Phylogeny
Chapter 25
Introduction to Deuterostomia, and the Phylum Hemichordata
Introduction to the Deuterostomia
Phylum Hemichordata: Acorn Worms and Pterobranchs
The Hemichordate Body Plan
Class Enteropneusta (Acorn Worms)
Class Pterobranchia (Pterobranchs)
Hemichordate Fossil Record and Phylogeny
Chapter 26
The Phylum Echinodermata
The Phylum Echinodermata
Taxonomic History and Classification
The Echinoderm Body Plan
Echinoderm Phylogeny
Chapter 27
Phylum Chordata: Cephalochordata and Urochordata
Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata: The Lancelets
The Cephalochordate Body Plan
Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata: The Tunicates
The Tunicate Body Plan
Chordate Phylogeny
Chapter 28
Perspectives on Invertebrate Phylogeny

Richard C. Brusca, Ph.D., University of Arizona, is Executive Director, Emeritus of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and a Research Scientist in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona. Rick is the author of nearly 200 research publications and 15 books, and the recipient of more than 100 research grants from the National Science Foundation, NOAA, and the National Geographic Society, among many others. His research interests include the natural history of the Sonoran Desert and Gulf of California, biodiversity and conservation of Arizona's Madrean Sky Islands, and invertebrate zoology.

Wendy Moore, Ph.D., University of Arizona, is Assistant Professor of Entomology at the University of Arizona and Curator of the University of Arizona Insect Collection. Dr. Moore's long-term research interest is the evolution of biotic diversity--especially the evolution of symbiotic lifestyles and how major biotic, climatic, and tectonic events may have influenced the timing and patterns of diversification. Much of her current research is on the carabid beetle subfamily Paussinae, many species of which are obligate symbionts with ants. She is also deeply committed to collections care and enhancement, and the use of bioinformatics to make collections-based data widely available to diverse user communities.

Gonzalo Giribet, Ph.D., University of Barcelona, is Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology in Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. In addition, he is a Research Associate at the American Museum of Natural History, a Fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, and a Guggenheim Fellow. He has published more than 300 scientific articles and book chapters, and has named more than 100 new species, genera, and families of invertebrates. His research is broadly interested in the origins and maintenance of animal diversity, which he explores through studying the evolution, systematics, and biogeography of invertebrate animals.

Special Features

• Retains the popular aspects of previous editions, but is substantially short in length.
• Specific gene names, like species names, are italicized (though names for classes of genes are not).
• Detailed classifications and taxonomic synopses within each phylum are provided. These are to be used as a reference to look up taxonomic names, understand the traits that distinguish groups, or get an overall sense of the scope of the higher taxa in a phylum.
• Much of the art has been updated; yet the authors have continued to include diagrams that will be useful to students in the laboratory, including for animal dissections.

• Abundance of new figures and photos, including detailed anatomical diagrams that are suitable for lab courses.
• The new edition's condensed length and relaxed writing style make this edition easily accessible to students.
• Introductory chapters introduce students to systematics and phylogenetics, reviewing animal body plans, metazoan development, and other fundamentals of zoology.
• Completely up to date with latest developments in the field of invertebrate biology, including most recent work in genomics, molecular phylogenetics, and evo-devo as well as an up-to-date description of modern phylogenetic systematics in Chapter 2.
• Gonzalo Giribet lends his expertise as the newest addition to the team (Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology and Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University).