American Horizons

Maps
Preface
About the Authors
1. The Origins of the Atlantic World, Ancient Times to 1565
North America to 1500
The First Americans
Hunters, Gatherers, and Farmers
Trade and the Rise of Native Cities
North America on the Eve of Colonization
Early Colonialism, 1000-1513
European Expansion Across the Atlantic
Iberians, Africans, and the Creation of an Eastern Atlantic World
Columbus Invades the Caribbean
Violence, Disease, and Cultural Exchange
The Invasion of North America, 1513-1565
The Fall of Mexica
Early Encounters
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The Doctrine of Discovery
Religious Reformation and European Rivalries
The Founding of Florida
2. Colonists on the Margins, 1565-1640
Imperial Inroads and the Expansion of Trade, 1565-1607
Spain Stakes Claim to Florida
New Spain into the Southwest
England Enters Eastern North America
The Fur Trade in the Northeast
European Islands in a Native American Ocean, 1607-1625
Tsenacomoco and Virginia
New France, New Netherland, New Indian Northeast
Pilgrims and Northeastern Natives
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Angela's Ordeal, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and the Creation of African North American Cultures
Seeking God, Seizing Land, Reaping Conflict, 1625 to c. 1640
Missionaries and Indians in New France and New Mexico
Migration and the Expansion of Dutch and English North America
Dissent in the"City upon a Hill"
Early Wars Between Colonists and Indians
3. Forging Tighter Bonds, 1640-1700
Uncivil Wars, 1640-1660
Smallpox and War Plague the Great Lakes
English Civil Wars and the Remaking of English America
Planters and Slaves of the Caribbean
Missionaries and Indians in the Southeast and Southwest
New Imperial Orders, 1660-1680
The English Colonial Empire and the Conquest of New Netherland
Quebec and the Expansion of French America
Servitude and Slavery in the Chesapeake
The Creation of South Carolina
Metacom and the Battle for New England
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Global Catholicism, Indian Christianity, and Catherine/Kateri Tekakwitha
Victorious Pueblos, a New Mid-Atlantic, and "Glorious" Revolutions, 1680 to the 1690s
The Pueblo War for Independence
Royal Charters for New Jersey and Pennsylvania
English North America's "Glorious" Revolutions
North America's Hundred Years' War Begins
4. Accelerating the Pace of Change, c. 1690-1730
Trade and Power
An Economic Revolution on the Plains
Accommodation in Tejas and the Southwest
Native Nations, the French, and the Making of Louisiana
Slaving Raids, Expansion, and War in the Carolinas
Haudenosaunee Hegemony and Concessions in the Northeast
Migration, Religion, and Empires
The Africanization of North America
The "Naturalization" of Slavery and Racism
European Immigrants and Imperial Expansion
Pietism and Atlantic Protestantism
Imperial Authority and Colonial Resistance
GLOBAL PASSAGES: New York, Madagascar, and Indian Ocean Piracy
Laying Foundations in British North America
An Industrious Revolution
Improved Communications
5. Battling for Souls, Minds, and the Heart of North America, 1730-1763
Natives and Newcomers
The Growth of Slavery
The Impact of Irish and German Immigration
Slave Resistance and the Creation of Georgia
Settler Colonialism and Eastern Indians
Minds, Souls, and Wallets
North Americans Engage the Enlightenment
Becoming a Consumer Society
Revivals and the Rise of Evangelical Christianity
African, African American, and Indian Awakenings
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Freedom and Evangelism in the Atlantic World
North America and the French and Indian War, 1754-1763
The Struggle for the Ohio Valley
The War in North America and in Europe
Britain Claims Eastern North America
6. Empire and Resistance, 1763-1776
English and Spanish Imperial Reform
Transatlantic Trade as an Engine of Conflict
Grenville's Program
Pontiac's Rebellion
Bourbon Reforms
The Enlightenment and Colonial Identity
Stamp Act and Resistance
Parliamentary Action
Protest and Repeal
Empire and Authority
Consumer Resistance
Townshend Duties
The Non-Importation Movement
Men and Women: Tea and Politics
The Boston Massacre
Resistance Becomes Revolution
Boston Tea Party and Coercive Acts
Empire, Control, and the Language of Slavery
Mobilization
War Begins
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Independence: Transatlantic Roots, Global Influence
Declaring Independence
The World's First Declaration of Independence
Spanish Imperial Consolidation
Ideology and Resistance
Taking Stock of Empire
7. A Revolutionary Nation, 1776-1789
The Revolution Takes Root
Ideology and Transatlantic Politics
Trying Times: War Continues
Alliance with France
The Structure of Authority
State Governments
Articles of Confederation
Military Organization
Diplomacy and International Finance
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Phillis Wheatley, Revolutionary Transatlantic Poet
Securing Independence
War at Sea
War in the South
Loyalists: Resistance and Migration
Indian Warfare
African Americans at War
Peace and Shifting Empires
Restructuring Political and Social Authority
Power in the States
Economic Change
Women and Revolution
Racial Ideology and Questioning Slavery
A Federal Nation
Debt and Discontent
Constitutional Convention
Ratification
8. A New Nation Facing a Revolutionary World, 1789-1815
The United States in the Age of the French Revolution
The New Nation and the New Revolution
The Rise of Party Tensions
Neutrality and Jay's Treaty
The Popular Politics of Rebellion
Indian Warfare and European Power
Party Conflict Intensifies
Adams in Power
Quasi-War with France
Alien and Sedition Acts
Slave Rebellions: Saint-Domingue and Virginia
The "Revolution" of 1800 and the Revolution of 1804
Jefferson Elected
Democracy: Limits and Conflicts
Haitian Revolution
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Revolutionary Migrations
The Louisiana Purchase
Trade, Conflict, Warfare
Transatlantic and Caribbean Trade
Mediterranean Trade: Barbary Wars
Western Discontents
European Wars and Commercial Sanctions
The War of 1812
War Declared
Opposition
U.S. Offensives in Canada
Tecumseh and Pan-Indian Resistance
Naval War
British Offensive
The War Ends
9. American Peoples on the Move, 1789-1824
Exploration and Encounter
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Zebulon Pike
Plains Indian Peoples
Astor and the Fur Trade
Asian Trade
Shifting Borders
Jeffersonian Agrarianism
Northwest, Southwest, and New States
The Missouri Compromise
African American Migration and Colonization
Spanish Expansion in California
Social and Cultural Shifts
Native Americans and Civilization Policy
Gender in Early Republican Society
Literature and Popular Culture
African American Culture: Slaves and Free People
Roots of the Second Great Awakening
Financial Expansion
Banks and Panics
Corporations and the Supreme Court
Politics and Hemispheric Change
First Seminole War
Transcontinental (Adams-Onís) Treaty
The United States and Latin American Revolutions
The Monroe Doctrine
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Francisco de Miranda, the United States, and Latin American Independence
10. Market Revolutions and the Rise of Democracy, 1789-1832
The Market System
Internal and External Markets
Technology: Domestic Invention and Global Appropriation
Water and Steam Power
Transportation and Communication
Markets and Social Relationships
Manufacturing and the Factory System
Slavery and Markets
Class
Urban and Rural Life
Democracy and the Public Sphere
Voting and Politics
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson, "The People," and the Election of 1828
Jackson and the Veto
Economic Opportunity and Territorial Expansion
Texas Colonization
Santa Fe Trail
The Black Hawk War
Expanding Markets
The Legal Structures of Capitalism
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Whaling
The Erie Canal
The Industrial Revolution
11. New Boundaries, New Roles, 1820-1856
An Expanding Nation
The Trail of Tears
Settler Colonialism in the West
Latin American Filibustering and the Texas Independence Movement
Pacific Explorations
The New Challenge of Labor
White Workers, Unions, and Class Consciousness
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Middlemen Abroad
Foreign-Born Workers
The New Middle Class
The Expansion of Slavery and Slaves as Workers
Men and Women in Antebellum America
Gender and Economic Change
Ladies, Women, and Working Girls
Masculinity on the Trail, in the Cities, and on the Farm
Freedom for Some
The Nature of Democracy in the Atlantic World
The Second Party System
Democracy in the South
Conflicts over Slavery
12. Religion and Reform, 1820-1850
The Second Great Awakening
Spreading the Word
Building a Christian Nation
Interpreting the Message
Northern Reform
The Temperance Crusade
The Rising Power of American Abolition
Women's Rights
Love and Sex in the Age of Reform
Southern Reform
Sin, Salvation, and Honor
Pro-Slavery Reform
Nat Turner and Afro-Christianity
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Celebrating the Black Atlantic
Southern Antislavery Reformers
Challenges to the Spirit of the Age
Emerson, Thoreau, and the American Soul
The First Mass Culture
The American Renaissance
A New Politics
13. A House Dividing, 1844-1860
The Expansion of America
The American Invasion and Conquest of Mexico
The Emergence of the New American West
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Making Boundaries
Conestogas, Comanches, and Californios
Contested Citizenship
The Patterns of Migration
New Immigrants and the Invention of Americanism
The Know-Nothing Movement
Slavery and Antebellum Life
The Paradox of Slavery and Modernity
The West Indies, Brazil, and the Future of Slavery
Inside the Quarter
The Creation of African America
The Rise of the Republicans
Free Soil and Free Labor
The Politics of Slave Catching
Western Expansion and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Rising Sectionalism
14. The Civil War, 1860-1865
Secession, 1860-1861
The Secession of the Lower South
Fort Sumter and the Secession of the Upper South
Mobilization for War
From the Ballot to the Bullet
War in Earnest, 1862-1863
The North Advances
Stalemate in the East
Southern and Northern Home Fronts
The Struggle for European Support
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Civil Wars Around the World
A New Birth of Freedom
Slaves Take Flight
From Confiscation to Emancipation
Government Centralization in Wartime
The Hard War, 1863-1864
Invasion and Occupation
Black Soldiers, Black Flags
The Campaigns of Grant and Sherman
Victory and Defeat, 1865
American Nationalism, Southern Nationalism
The New Challenge of Race
Environmental and Economic Scars of War
The Last Best Hope of Man?
15. Reconstructing America, 1865-1877
The Year of Jubilee, 1865
African American Families
Southern Whites and the Problem of Defeat
Emancipation in Comparative Perspective
Shaping Reconstruction, 1865-1868
Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction
The Fight over Reconstruction
The Civil War Amendments and American Citizenship
GLOBAL PASSAGES: America the Diverse
Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South, 1866-1876
African American Life in the Postwar South
Republican Governments in the Postwar South
Cotton, Merchants, and the Lien
The End of Reconstruction, 1877
The Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction Violence
Northern Weariness and Northern Conservatism
Legacies of Reconstruction
Appendix A: Historical Documents
Appendix B: Historical Facts and Data
Glossary
Credits
Index

Michael Schaller is Regents Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Arizona, where he has taught since 1974. His areas of specialization include U.S. international and East Asian relations and the resurgence of conservatism in late 20th-century America.

Janette Thomas Greenwood is Professor of History at Clark University. She specializes in African American history and history of the U.S. South.

Andrew Kirk is Professor and Chair of History at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He specializes in the history of the U.S. West and environmental history.

Sarah J. Purcell is L.F. Parker Professor of History at Grinnell College. She specializes in the early national period, antebellum United States, popular culture, politics, gender, and military history.

Aaron Sheehan-Dean is Chair and Fred C. Frey Professor of History at Louisiana State University. He specializes in the Civil War and Reconstruction, the history of the New South, and nineteenth-century America.

Christina Snyder is the McCabe Greer Professor of History at The Pennsylvania State University. She researches colonialism, race, and slavery, with a focus on Native North America from the pre-contact era through the nineteenth century.

Special Features

• Incorporates insights from the authors--all acclaimed scholars in their specialties--who use their individual strengths to provide students with a balanced and inclusive account of U.S. history.
• Illustrates the relevance of U.S. history to American students by centering on the matrix of key issues that dominate their lives, including population movements and growth; the evolving definition of citizenship; cultural change and continuity; people's relationship to and impact upon the environment; political and ideological contests and their consequences; and Americans' five centuries of engagement with regional, national, and global institutions, forces, and events.
• Encourages students to consider the variety of pressures that spurred historical change, both within and outside of America.
• Uses a narrative style and structure that provide the flexibility to occasionally emphasize the global aspects of American history.
• Each chapter begins with a compelling story at the core of the chapter theme.
• Global Passages boxes feature unique stories illustrating America's connection to the world.
• A rich graphics program of maps and figures helps students explore essential chapter themes.
• Timelines highlighting significant happenings in North America and the rest of the world, presented in parallel, provide students with a global context for American events.
• Study Questions throughout each chapter test students' memory and understanding of content.
• Chapter-ending Review Questions ask students to think critically and analyze what they have learned.
• Reading American Horizons: This two-volume primary source collection (Volume I: 9780197531266, and Volume II: 9780197530894), expertly edited by the authors of American Horizons, provides a diverse set of documents (both textual and visual) that situate U.S. history in a global context. The more than 200 documents--forty-seven of which are new to this edition--cover political, social, and cultural history. Each document includes a headnote and discussion questions.

• Several chapters have been revised and updated with new content:
• Chapter 1: Expanded coverage of African history
• Chapter 2: New chapter-opening vignette on Pocahontas
• Chapter 4: Expanded coverage on how the Atlantic slave trade impacted Africa
• Chapter 6: New opening vignette focusing on mob action and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson
• Chapter 10: New opening vignette focusing on experiences of enslaved man Charles Ball
• Chapter 12: Revised discussion of the origins of abolition to emphasize the role of people of color in the more radical movement after the 1820s. The discussion of the global nature of the American Renaissance has been increased by detailing the ways Henry David Thoreau engaged with both European and Asian thinkers in his writing.
• Chapter 13: New opening vignette that explains the role of Samuel Morse in creating the telegraph and also connects Morse to the anti-Catholic movement of the 1840s and 1850s. The chapter now emphasizes the commonalities of exploited workers in Gold Rush-era California. There is also new material on Southern fears of British efforts to challenge slavery on the ocean.
• Chapter 14: The language regarding Southerners' defense of slavery as the reason for secession has been clarified. There is new coverage of prisoner-of-war camps and contrabands.
• Chapter 15: Reevised opening vignette addresses the legal status of immigrants as it related to the 1790 Naturalization Act, Dred Scott, and the changes brought by the Fourteenth Amendment and birthright citizenship.
• The following Global Passages boxes have been refreshed with new examples of key global connections:
• Chapter 1: New global passage on the Doctrine of Discovery
• Chapter 5: New global passage on freedom and evangelism in the Atlantic world
• Chapter 8: Substantially revised Global Passage on revolutionary migrations
• Chapter 14: New Global Passage compares mid-century rebellions in the US, China, and India
• Chapter 15: New Global Passage examines the increasingly diverse nature of immigrants coming to the US after the Civil War
• To save space, the "America in the World" maps formerly located at the end of each chapter are now available in a digital format at https://oup-arc.com/. The interactive maps visually summarize the key themes of exchange of peoples, goods, and ideas between America and other nations discussed in each chapter.
• To help students see the main learning objectives, the outline at the beginning of each chapter now features a Study Plan that includes study questions for each of the main subtopics.
• The typefaces in many of the maps have been enlarged to improve readability.
• The book's design is brighter and more accessible than before, and new illustrations appear in each chapter.
• Enhanced ebook. Every new copy of the fourth edition comes with an access code that provides students with resources designed to enhance their engagement with the American past, including an ebook enhanced with these embedded learning tools:
• "Closer Look" videos that analyze selected artworks, accompanied by narration and self-assessment
• interactive maps
• - interactive timelines
• - flashcards
• - section quizzes
• - chapter quizzes
• - matching activities
• - primary sources
• - note-taking guides
• Oxford Insight Study Guide. The Oxford Insight Study Guide increases student understanding of core course material by engaging students in the process of actively reading, validating their understanding, and delivering tailored practice. The study guide delivers a custom-built adaptive practice session based on the student's demonstrated performance within each learning objective. In-depth data on student performance powers a rich suite of reporting tools that inform instructors on their students' proficiency across learning objectives. All new copies of the Fourth Edition come with access to the Oxford Insight Study Guide
• An interoperable course cartridge that integrates seamlessly into most course-management systems, is available to adopters. The cartridge includes a test-item file, PowerPoint slides, videos, and primary sources.