Final Exam Version | Student Practice Quizzes | Cognition 4th Edition | Student Practice Quizzes

Higher Education

Cognition, Fourth Edition - Practice Quiz (Final Exam Version)

Instructions: For each question, click on the radio button beside your answer. When you have completed the entire quiz, click the Submit my answers button at the bottom of the page to receive your results.

Question 1:

According to information theory, which of the following sentences yields the most information?
a) Learning that your aunt’s new baby is a girl.
b) Finding out the age of a person who could be between 1 and 12 years old.
c) Being told your future roommate’s dog is an Irish wolfhound.
d) Finding out the outcome of a die toss.

Question 2:

You’re talking on the phone with a friend when your boyfriend quickly interrupts you to say goodbye. When you try to resume your conversation you can’t remember what you were talking about. According to Waugh and Norman this would be a naturalistic example of ________.
a) interference with primary memory
b) interference with secondary memory
c) interference with introspection
d) interference with the stimulus

Question 3:

As you prepare for your psychology exam you occasionally stop to think about how well you understand the material that will be on the exam. This is an example of ________.
a) primary memory
b) channel capacity
c) metacognition
d) information theory

Question 4:

A friend across the room is looking up the phone number for the pizza delivery restaurant and you are at the phone ready to dial. ‘514’, she starts. According to Waugh and Norman’s model, as you look down to the phone to dial the number, what will you need to use in order to dial the correct numbers?
a) Your short-term memory store
b) Your long-term memory
c) Your primary memory
d) Your secondary Memory

Question 5:

According to Neisser, our schemas provide ________, which are central to the perceptual cycle.
a) environments
b) explorations
c) expectations
d) cognitions

Question 6:

Research on information processing limitations suggests that humans are active selectors of information, rather than passive receivers, based on the finding that ________.
a) an overload of information is dealt with by categorizing it before it is processed
b) humans actively select stimuli that contain large amounts of information
c) an overload of information is dealt with by selecting what to respond to and remember
d) we are similar to computers in that we have a systematic way of selecting the stimuli to respond to

Question 7:

Psychologists often employ the use of animal models to make inferences about the structure and function of human brains. The major drawback to drawing these inferences using this method is ________.
a) that certain animal brains are difficult to manipulate under laboratory conditions
b) that the size differences between animal brains and human brains prevents inferences from being made about brain activity
c) brain adaptations that have evolved to be advantageous for another species may be different from adaptations that are observed in human beings, and vice versa
d) housing animals within laboratory facilities is a difficult practice that is no longer endorsed by animal ethics committees

Question 8:

Typical symptoms of a patient with Wernicke’s aphasia involve the inability to ________.
a) produce speech
b) comprehend speech
c) repeat speech
d) read aloud

Question 9:

Sperry discusses the nature of consciousness by using the terms emergent property and emergent causation. Emergent property refers to ________.
a) the idea that consciousness cannot be localized (or reduced) to specific neural structures—nor can specific structures be used to ‘predict’ characteristics about consciousness.
b) the idea that consciousness can be localized (or reduced) to specific neural structures, and can also have its characteristics predicted by these structures
c) the idea that consciousness can be cognitively separated from more basic mental functions
d) the idea that consciousness is inseparable from the biological processes that underlie instinct

Question 10:

Which of the following methods in cognitive neuroscience provides the greatest temporal resolution for imaging human brain activity?
a) Lesions
b) fMRI
c) PET
d) ERP

Question 11:

Which of the following contributions to object recognition is considered a top-down contribution?
a) Familiarity with an object
b) The perspective from which the object is viewed
c) The clarity with which the object is viewed
d) All of the above.

Question 12:

Which of the following is not considered a bottom-up effect of visual recognition?
a) You more easily recognize a letter when it is given in the context of a meaningful word.
b) You notice that a single blue object among many red objects ‘pops out’ and is easily detected
c) You find it harder to read a yellow word than a black word when written on white paper.
d) You have a hard time reading the newspaper when the ink is smudged.

Question 13:

Gestalt psychologists differ from structuralists in that they suggest that ________ percept may be created from a single set of visual elements.
a) an auditory
b) more than one
c) only one
d) only a visual

Question 14:

According to Treisman’s feature integration theory the function of ________ is to process ________.
a) preattentive processing; many bits of information in parallel across the entire visual field
b) attentive processing; complex information that has been grouped together by location
c) post-attentive processing; very finite pieces of information, serially, after they have passed the level of awareness.
d) Both a and b are correct.

Question 15:

Which of the following is not a principle of grouping proposed by the Gestalt psychologists?
a) Good continuation
b) Common fate
c) Equidistance
d) Closure

Question 16:

You are taking a test and focusing intently on answering the questions. Suddenly a door slams, and you glance over to see where the noise came from. This is an example of ________.
a) inattentional blindness
b) attention capture
c) a flanker
d) a structural limit

Question 17:

As you are alternating between listening to you professor’s lecture and taking notes, you notice that you are missing much of what is said and are also unable to write as quickly as usual. This is an example of what phenomenon?
a) A distractor set
b) Inattentional blindness
c) Attention capture
d) Switch cost

Question 18:

In the subject of selective looking, the Stroop task shows that it takes longer to name the colour of words than to read the coloured words themselves. This is an example of ________.
a) covert attention
b) late selection
c) early selection
d) colour attention

Question 19:

If you agree with Khaneman’s capacity model, you would assert that attention is like a(n) ________.
a) sponge; it absorbs information
b) power supply; it is limited
c) filter; it only allows relevant information in
d) ocean; it has a seemingly unlimited capacity

Question 20:

The brain structures most closely associated with the Stroop task are the ________ cortex and the ________ cortex.
a) posterior parietal; ventromedial prefrontal
b) dorsolateral prefrontal; anterior cingulate
c) dorsolateral cingulate; anterior prefrontal
d) prefrontal; occipital

Question 21:

For the image of a moving object to stay on the fovea, one must make a ________.
a) saccade.
b) vestibular movement.
c) smooth pursuit movement.
d) moving window movement.

Question 22:

According to Neisser, when we remember something we are most like ________.
a) scientists testing our knowledge of the past
b) archaeologists unearthing the past
c) palaeontologists reconstructing the past
d) engineers designing the past

Question 23:

Memory traces are conceived as________; meanwhile, memory schemas are seen as ________.
a) complete replicas of previous experiences; organizational frameworks.
b) a blending of memories of similar experiences; after effects of perception.
c) complete replicas of previous experiences; permanent copies of previous experiences.
d) after effects of perception; complete replicas of previous experiences.

Question 24:

The Schema Concept was made a central part of the psychology of memory by ________.
a) Paul
b) Freud
c) Woodworth
d) Bartlett

Question 25:

According to schema theories, memory involves which of the following processes?
a) Abstraction
b) Integration
c) Selection
d) Interpretation
e) All of the above.

Question 26:

Life scripts are ________ expectations as to the order and timing of life events in a prototypical life course.
a) periodically retrieved
b) culturally shared
c) socially enabled
d) individually determined

Question 27:

Episodic memory is ________, while procedural memory is ________.
a) anoetic; autonoetic
b) autonoetic; noetic
c) noetic; autonoetic
d) autonoetic; anoetic

Question 28:

Often we have the experience that we are almost able to remember a certain word, but no matter how hard we try, we just can’t seem to produce it. From what we know about this phenomenon, how are we most likely to eventually recall the elusive word?
a) By putting more effort into trying to recall the word
b) By using a memory search strategy
c) By consulting another person or a dictionary
d) By putting it out of our mind and letting it “pop-up” later

Question 29:

What are the three elements to Quillian’s teachable language comprehender (TLC)?
a) Units, properties, and indicators
b) Properties, pointers, and units
c) Properties, indicators, and pointers
d) Units, indicators, and ultimatums

Question 30:

Kate and Shawn are eating food together outside one day when both of them see their friend John walking towards them. Kate has known John all her life and over the years has come to associate many concepts and memories with him (his name being only one). Shawn, on the other hand, met John only briefly a week back and knows nothing of him other than his name. Although Kate and Shawn both see John at the exact same time, Shawn is first to recognize him and produce his name. Kate is disappointed with her slowness in producing his name, though perhaps she should not be, because in theory this situation is an example of ________.
a) involuntary semantic memories
b) implicit memory
c) perceptual representational system effect
d) the fan effect

Question 31:

A patient with Korsakoff’s Syndrome would likely have difficulty remembering which of the following examples of previously encountered information?
a) The order of gears on the gear-stick of their car
b) The name of the doctor treating them for Korsakoff’s syndrome
c) The capitals of the Canadian provinces
d) The sum of 1276 and 342

Question 32:

In Pavio’s (1965) dual-coding study, learning is poorest in which of the following conditions?
a) When abstract words are paired with concrete words
b) When both paired words are concrete
c) When both words are abstract
d) All pairings proved to show similar results.

Question 33:

John reports that he sometimes experiences colour in response to an auditory stimulus. John is experiencing ________.
a) Chronaesthesia
b) Chromaesthesia
c) Apoptosia
d) Fantasia
e) Acoustasia

Question 34:

Synaesthesia ________.
a) runs in families
b) is more common in men than women
c) is only reported in women
d) is only reported in men

Question 35:

An example of cognitive dedifferentiation is ________.
a) eidetic imagery
b) synaesthesia
c) Both a and b only.
d) None of the above.

Question 36:

Kosslyn et al. (1978) demonstrated that ________ are preserved in our mental images of perceived scenes.
a) objective distances
b) actual distances
c) imaginary distances
d) location distances

Question 37:

You are reading a passage in a novel in which the main character is walking through her house searching for her dog. You imagine yourself as the character and what it must look like as you move through her house. This is an example of ________.
a) egocentric imagination
b) transformative imagination
c) egocentric perspective transformations
d) imaginative perspective transformations

Question 38:

What would the criterial attribute be in a concept that includes: blood, a red car, and cranberry juice?
a) The lack of relationship between those elements.
b) The mixture of negative and positive instances.
c) There is no criterial attribute.
d) The colour red.

Question 39:

According to Reber, which of the following is true?
a) IQ tests measure implicit learning.
b) From an evolutionary point of view, conscious mental processes are associated with very early forms of cognition.
c) People are quite similar in terms of thier implicit cognitive processes, but differ in terms of their explicit cognitive abilities.
d) Implicit learning allows us to formulate perfect hypotheses about the rules learnt.

Question 40:

In which order are the different levels of the concept of the vertical dimension represented in the following objects: Condominium, building, house?
a) General, inclusive, basic
b) Subordinate, general, superordinate
c) Superordinate, basic, subordinate
d) Exclusive, basic, inclusive
e) Subordinate, basic, superordinate

Question 41:

Which of the following pairs contains terms that are most similar to each other?
a) Mental processes and embodied cognition
b) Embodied cognition and goal-directed behaviour
c) Goal-directed behaviour and conservative focusing
d) Vertical dimension and embodied cognition
e) Vertical dimension and goal-directed behaviour

Question 42:

You don’t particularly like your boss. You think she is hot-headed and that her temper is always up. In this case, ‘hot’ belongs to the ________ category of metaphors and ‘up’ belongs to the ________ category.
a) primary metaphor; double-function word
b) double-function word; conceptual metaphor
c) primary metaphor; conceptual metaphor
d) double-function word; primary metaphor
e) conceptual metaphor; subjective metaphor

Question 43:

According to Chomsky, ambiguity in language arises due to different ________ having the same ________.
a) deep structures; surface structure
b) surface structures; deep structure
c) languages; grammatical structure
d) phrase structures; phrase structure rule

Question 44:

According to Chomsky’s poverty of the stimulus argument, ________.
a) children will not learn their native language unless exposed to grammatically correct examples of that language
b) the language samples that adults provide are too imperfect for a child to abstract the rules of grammar
c) the socioeconomic status of children and their families plays a role in the speed of language acquisition
d) if a child is exposed to imperfect grammar, she will learn imperfect grammar

Question 45:

A parental reformulation is most like ________.
a) a baseball coach explaining how to swing a bat properly
b) a hockey coach demonstrating proper slap shot technique
c) a tennis player perfecting her swing by hitting a ball against a wall
d) a soccer coach arguing with the referee over a questionable call

Question 46:

While studying speech disfluencies, Schachter and colleagues found that there were more hesitation pauses when the speaker was talking about a topic with ________.
a) many terms
b) many concepts
c) many synonyms for terms and concepts
d) few synonyms for terms and concepts

Question 47:

Which of the following statements is consistent with the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
a) People who use very different languages have similar world views.
b) The language a person uses is relative to the culture they belong.
c) People who use very different languages have different worldviews.
d) Parameter settings may be changed to accommodate differing linguistic structures.

Question 48:

According to Maier, for a hint to be useful in giving rise to an insightful solution, it must be ________.
a) in a direction that has not already occurred to the problem-solver
b) consistent with the direction that the person’s thinking is taking
c) relevant to a difficulty the individual has already experienced
d) Both b and c.
e) All of the above.

Question 49:

Alanis assumes that people tend to take the seemingly more straightforward route towards a solution and that this often leads them to failure. She also assumes that most people consider alternatives only when they realize that they have reached an impasse. Which approach to insight problems is Alanis taking?
a) Progress monitoring theory.
b) Representational change theory.
c) Mindlessness theory.
d) Cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 50:

In problem solving, constraint relaxation is ________.
a) separating parts of a problem that are seen as belonging together in order to think about them independently
b) removing assumptions that block the solution to the problem
c) ignoring rules that make a problem too difficult
d) separating out parts of a problem and then reorganizing them into a more coherent whole

Question 51:

The Einstellung effect refers to the tendency to ________.
a) apply a rigid set to solve a problem, even when it may not be the best solution
b) persist in finishing an incomplete task
c) selectively seek out certain types of information, effectively limiting ones ability to correctly solve a problem.
d) All of the above.

Question 52:

What is GPS?
a) Global Predictor System: an algorithm that predicts what problems will arise.
b) General Problem Solver: a program used to solve problems using heuristics.
c) Generic Problem Solution: a widely applicable problem-solving algorithm.
d) General Problematic Sequence: common, repetitive elements that, when present, create difficulty in solving a problem.

Question 53:

Alicia wishes to study scientific problem solving. She does so by observing ongoing scientific studies. She is using the ________ method.
a) in vitro
b) in laboratorium
c) in vivo
d) in silico

Question 54:

What feature do the mental models approach and the natural deduction systems approach have in common?
a) Both explain how people solve syllogistic reasoning problems.
b) Neither accounts for how people solve “knight-knave” reasoning problems.
c) Both use iconicity and emergent consequences to draw conclusions.
d) Neither explains how people solve three-term series problems.
e) The two approaches have no features in common.

Question 55:

When people solve a reasoning problem, the amount of time they take and the number of errors they make is directly proportional to the number of inferences that must be made to solve the problem. This observation supports the ________.
a) inferential logic theory.
b) mental models theory.
c) natural deduction systems theory.
d) social contract theory.

Question 56:

That people reason according to different logical systems depending on the type and the content of the reasoning task is an essential feature of ________.
a) the mental models theory
b) the natural deduction systems theory
c) domain-specific reasoning
d) syllogistic reasoning

Question 57:

Belief in the ________ is likely to lead to errors of reasoning.
a) law of large numbers
b) law of small numbers
c) law of averages
d) Both b and c.
e) None of the above.

Question 58:

The ease with which an item or event is brought to mind can lead us to ________.
a) overestimate the frequency that the item or event actually occurs
b) erroneously believe that two items or events are correlated
c) believe that two exceptionally tall parents will have an even taller child.
d) Both a and b.
e) None of the above.

Question 59:

Jackson and his friends’ IQ range lies between 115 and 130. Their parents have a range of 100–120. What could explain this difference?
a) The Flynn Effect
b) Evolution
c) Generalized intelligence (g)
d) Crystallized intelligence of the parents

Question 60:

Sternberg's Performance Components are processes used to ________.
a) plan a task
b) execute a task
c) monitor performance (whether action yields goal desired)
d) break down the demands of a situation into digestible parts

Question 61:

Martha became lost in the forest for a week before she was finally rescued. She survived the week by creating small traps to capture animals for food and by producing tools out of objects she found. To survive, Martha depended on her ________.
a) Dedicated Intelligence
b) Practical Intelligence
c) Improvisational Intelligence
d) Both b and c

Question 62:

Beatriz was lauded as a child for the poems she wrote, but in her teens, her poetry became rather ordinary. Later on, she was overwhelmed with fresh ideas and her poetry began to take on a quality surpassing even her earlier work. With respect to her poetry writing, she is exhibiting a clear indication of ________.
a) multiple intelligences
b) the recency effect
c) u-shaped development
d) problem-finding

Question 63:

Alex was a physics major who struggled to keep up with his courses. He often found himself deeply considering various criticisms for an idea in physics called String Theory. One day, he had an epiphany that allowed him to construct a cohesive, yet entirely different alternative to the current idea of String Theory. According to Simonton, Alex’s idea arose from ________.
a) mental transformations
b) chance permutations
c) parallel processing
d) parallel permutations

Question 64:

________ are uncommon associations believed by Simonton to be characteristic of creative thinking.
a) Paired associations
b) Hierarchical organizations
c) Word associations
d) Remote associations

Question 65:

According to Berlyne (1965), you would be likely to engage in ________ when having dinner for the first time with your girlfriend/boyfriend’s parents, whereas changing your usual route to university for the sake of it would be an example of ________.
a) collective stimulus behaviour; conceptual conflict resolution
b) familiarity; complex behaviour
c) diversive strategies; collative stimulus behaviour
d) specific exploration; diversive exploration
e) conceptual conflict resolution; specific exploration

Question 66:

According to Moreland and Zajonc’s (1977, 1979) studies on exposure and cognition, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) Repeated exposure to a novel object will not make you like it more even though it has become familiar.
b) Repeated exposure to a novel object will make it more likeable simply because it has become more familiar.
c) On the first exposure to a novel object, a person can remember having seen it before.
d) The more novel an object is, the more likeable it is.

Question 67:

According to Zizac and Reber (2004), ________ to a novel structure, be it grammatical, musical, or artistic will enhance your liking of it providing you were ________ the elements of the structure in the first place, an effect called ________.
a) mere exposure; familiar with; structural mere exposure
b) structural mere exposure; familiar with; warm-glow heuristic
c) familiarity; repeatedly exposed to; mood congruence
d) mere exposure; in tune with; cognitive fine-tuning
e) attachment; unfamiliar; positive affect

Question 68:

________ best explains a person’s ability to more easily recall happy episodes from a dramatic movie if they themselves are happy when watching said movie.
a) Mood-dependent recall
b) Mood-independent recall
c) Mere exposure effect
d) Mood congruency

Question 69:

According to Neisser, when does your interpersonal self arise?
a) When you volunteer at your local community centre
b) When you want to make a good impression on those you value
c) When you engage in dialogue with your neighbour
d) When you have dinner with your family
e) All of the above.

Question 70:

According to Rubin, Welzter, and Nebes (1986), there are three factors that contribute to an autobiographical episode being remembered. Which of the following is not one of the three mentioned by them?
a) Childhood amnesia
b) The eventual integration of multiple autobiographical episodes which themselves eventually become semantic memories
c) The tendency for older adults to have a bias for a 20-year period during their life, in which they tend to concentrate most of their autobiographical episodes
d) The natural tendency to for memories to become less and less easily accessed as time passes

Question 71:

________ refers to a person’s cognitive ability to pair the personality attributes of ‘warm’ and ‘callous’ as easily as they would the words ‘warm’ and ‘altruistic’.
a) Binary impression
b) Unitary impression
c) Rationalization
d) Overconfidence effect

Question 72:

The type of interface that deals with the relationship between a job that needs to be done and the devices required to perform the job is the ________.
a) Organizational interface
b) User interface
c) Task interface
d) Device interface

Question 73:

In a graphical user interface, what factor(s) help in the recognition of an icon’s meaning?
a) Iconic information
b) Pictorial information
c) Verbal information
d) A and b only.
e) B and c only.

Question 74:

Inconsistency can be a useful property of a user interface if ________.
a) it is adaptive to the specific work situation
b) it aids in product design and manufacture
c) it is present in the design from the beginning
d) it is temporary

Question 75:

Which of the following learning procedures has not been demonstrated to enhance long-term learning performance?
a) Distributed practice
b) Random practice
c) Massed practice
d) Periodic feedback