The Elements of Philosophy

Preface:
Acknowledgements:
About the Editors:
Note to the Reader:
Note to the Instructor:
INTRODUCTION
Simon Blackburn, "What is Philosophy?"
Simon Blackburn, "The Elements of Logic"
I. RELIGION AND BELIEF
Introduction
A. Traditional Arguments for and Against the Existence of God
The Ontological Argument--and Replies
Anselm, "The Ontological Argument"
Gaunilo, "In Behalf of the Fool"
G.E. Moore, "Is Existence a Predicate?"
William Rowe, "Why the Ontological Argument Fails"
The Cosmological Argument, the Argument from Design--and Replies
Richard Taylor, "The Cosmological Argument"
William Paley, "The Argument from Design"
Ernest Nagel, "Does God Exist?"
The Problem of Evil--and Replies
John Hick, "The Problem of Evil"
Steven M. Cahn, "The Problem of Goodness"
B. Grounds for Belief
Pascal, "The Wager"
W.K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief"
William James, "The Will to Believe"
Robert McKim, "The Hiddenness of God"
C. God and Science: Contemporary Discussions
Nicholas Everitt, "Theism and Modern Science"
II. MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
A. Three Major Ethical Theories
Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill, "Utilitarianism"
J. J. C. Smart, "Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism"
Bernard Williams, "Utilitarianism, Integrity and Responsibility"
Deontology
Immanuel Kant, Selections from The Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals
Onora O'Neill, "A Simplified Account of Kant's Ethics"
Virtue Ethics
Aristotle, Selections from The Nicomachean Ethics
Rosalind Hursthouse, "Normative Virtue Ethics"
B. Some Applications
Moral Duties to the Poor
Peter Singer, "Rich and Poor"
Garrett Hardin, "Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor"
Thomas Pogge, "'Aiding' the Global Poor"
Vegetarianism and Animals
Alastair Norcross, "Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal Cases"
Carl Cohen, "A Critique of the Alleged Moral Basis of Vegetarianism"
C. Puzzles and Challenges
Puzzling Cases
Judith Jarvis Thomson, "The Trolley Problem"
Thomas Nagel, "Moral Luck"
The Value of Morality
Plato, "Glaucon's Challenge from The Republic"
Susan Wolf, "Moral Saints"
The Universality of Morality
James Rachels, "Egoism and Moral Skepticism"
James Rachels, "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism"
Morality and Social Science
Jennifer Saul, "Women's Different Voice"
Cass Sunstein, "Heurisitics and Morality"
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
D. Justice, Equality and the State
Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan
John Rawls, "Justice as Fairness" from A Theory of Justice
Robert Nozick, "Distributive Justice" from Anarchy, State and Utopia
E. Just War
George Mavrodes, "Conventions and the Morality of War"
Robert Fullwinder, "War and Innocence"
Lawrence A. Alexander, "Self-Defense and Non-Combatants"
III. METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY
Introduction
A. Defining Knowledge
Plato, "What is Knowledge?" (Selection from The Meno)
Edmund Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"
Robert Nozick, "Knowledge"
B. Skepticism and Responses
Descartes, Meditations 1&2
G.E. Moore, "Proof of an External World"
G.E. Moore, "Certainty"
Robert Nozick, "Skepticism"
Jonathan Vogel, "Cartesian Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation"
C. Knowledge and the Nature of Reality
Plato, "The Allegory of the Cave"
George Berkeley, Selections from "On the Principles of Human Knowledge"
W.V.O. Quine, "Posits and Reality"
Hilary Putnam, "Brains in a Vat"
David Chalmers, "The Matrix as Metaphysics"
Robert Nozick, "Fiction"
D. Induction
David Hume, "Induction"
Wesley Salmon, Selections from The Problem of Induction
Nelson Goodman, "The New Riddle of Induction"
METAPHYSICAL PERPLEXITIES
Introduction
E. Time and Time Travel
Albert Einstein, "Time and the Relativity of Simultaneity"
Theodore Sider, "Time"
David Lewis, "The Paradoxes of Time Travel"
F. Free Will
A.J. Ayer, "Freedom and Necessity"
Roderick Chisholm, "Human Freedom and the Self"
Harry Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"
P.F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment"
G. Identity and Personal Identity
John Locke, "Of Identity and Diversity"
Bernard Williams, "The Self and the Future"
Derek Parfit, "Personal Identity"
IV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND LANGUAGE
MIND
Introduction
A. Metaphysics of Mind
Dualism and Behaviorism
Rene Descartes, Meditation 6
Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti, "A Comparison of Nyaya and Cartesian Dualism"
Gilbert Ryle, "Descartes' Myth"
Physicalism
Daniel Stoljar, "Physicalism"
J. J. C. Smart, "Sensations and Brain Processes"
Paul Churchland, "Eliminative Materialism and Propositional Attitudes"
Challenges to Physicalism
Saul Kripke, "The Modal Argument"
Frank Jackson, "Epiphenomenal Qualia"
B. Consciousness and Perception
Consciousness
Thomas Nagel, "What is it Like to be a Bat?"
Daniel Dennett, "Quining Qualia"
Ned Block, "Concepts of Consciousness"
Minds and Machines
A.M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
John Searle, "Can Computers Think?"
Perception
J.J. Valberg, The Puzzle of Experience
A.J. Ayer, "The Argument from Illusion: A Defense of Sense Data"
J.L. Austin, "The Argument from Illusion: A Critique of Sense Data"
LANGUAGE
Introduction
C. Language, Meaning and Reference
Paul Grice, "Logic and Conversation"
Noam Chomsky, "Language and Problems of Knowledge"
John Perry, "The Problem of the Essential Indexical"
V. LIFE AND DEATH
Introduction
A. Life
Plato, "On the Harmony of the Soul" from The Republic
Jean-Paul Sartre, "Existentialism is a Humanism"
Derek Parfit, "What Makes Someone's Life Go Best?"
Thomas Nagel, "The Absurd"
B. Death
Thomas Nagel, "Death"
Walter Kaufmann, "Death without Dread"

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Tamar Szabo Gendler is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Cognitive Sciences Program at Yale University. Susanna Siegel is Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. Steven Cahn is Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate School and University Center in the City University of New York.

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