Worldwide economic constraints on health care systems have highlighted the importance of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based health policy. The resulting clinical trials and health services research studies require instruments to monitor the outcomes of care and the output of the health
system. However, the over-abundance of competing measurement scales can make choosing a measure difficult at best. Measuring Health provides in-depth reviews of over 100 of the leading health measurement tools and serves as a guide for choosing among them.LNow in its third edition, this book
provides a critical overview of the field of health measurement, with a technical introduction and discussion of the history and future directions for the field. This latest edition updates the information on each of the measures previously reviewed, and includes a complete new chapter on anxiety
measurement to accompany the one on depression. It has also added new instruments to those previously reviewed in each of the chapters in the book.LChapters cover measurements of physical disability, social health, psychological well-being, anxiety, depression, mental status testing, pain, general
health status and quality of life. Each chapter presents a tabular comparison of the quality of the instruments reviewed, followed by a detailed description of each method, covering its purpose and conceptual basis, its reliability and validity and, where possible, shows a copy of the actual scale.
To ensure accuracy of the information, each review has been approved by the original author of each instrument or by an acknowledged expert.
1. Introduction
Background
Selection of Instruments for Review
Structure of the Book
Style and Content of the Reviews
Format for the Reviews
Evaluating a Health Measurement: the User's Perspective
2. The Theoretical and Technical Foundations of Health
Measurement
The Evolution of Health Indicators
Types of Health Measurements
Theoretical Bases for Measurement
Numerical Estimates of Health: Scaling Methods
Psychometric Methods
Methods Derived from Economics and Decision Analysis
Identifying and Controlling Biases in
Subjective Judgments
Conceptual Bases for Health Measurements
The Quality of a Measurement: Validity and Reliability
Assessing Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Correlational Evidence
Factorial Validity
Group Differences and Sensitivity to
Change
Construct Validation
Assessing Reliability
Internal Consistency
Interpreting Reliability Coefficients
Summary
References
3. Physical Disability and Handicap
The Evolution of Physical Disability Measurements
Scope of the Chapter
The Pulses
Profile
The Barthel Index
The Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, or
The Kenny Self-care Evaluation
The Physical Self-maintenance Scale
The Disability Interview Schedule
The Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire
The Oecd Long-term Disability
Questionnaire
The Functional Status Rating System
A Rapid Disability Rating Scale
The Functional Status Index
The Patient Evaluation Conference System
The Functional Activities Questionnaire
The Health Assessment Questionnaire
The Mos Physical Functioning Measure
The
Functional Independence Measure
Conclusion
4. Social Health
Social Adjustment and Social Roles
Social Support
Scope of the Chapter
The Social Relationship Scale
The Social Support Questionnaire
The Rand Social Health Battery
The Mos Social Support Survey
The
Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire
The Duke Social Support and Stress Scale
The Katz Adjustment Scales
The Social Functioning Schedule
The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction
The Social Adjustment Scale
The Social Maladjustment Schedule
The Social
Dysfunction Rating Scale
The Structured and Scaled Interview to Assess Maladjustment
Conclusion
5. Psychological Well-being
Scope of the Chapter
The Health Opinion Survey
The Twenty-two Item Screening Score of Psychiatric Symptoms
The Affect Balance Scale
The Positive
and Negative Affect Scales
The Life Satisfaction Index
The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale
The General Well-being Schedule
The Rand Mental Health Inventory
The Health Perceptions Questionnaire
The General Health Questionnaire
Conclusion
6.
Anxiety
Theoretical Approaches to Anxiety
Anxiety and Depression
Anxiety Measurements
The Manifest Anxiety Scale
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
The Self-rating Anxiety Scale
The Anxiety Status Inventory
The Beck Anxiety
Inventory
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales
The State-trait Anxiety Inventory
7. Depression
Classifications of Depression
Measurement of Depression
Scope of the Chapter
The Beck Depression Inventory
The Self-rating Depression Scale
The Center for Epidemiologic
Studies Depression Scale
The Geriatric Depression Scale
The Depression Adjective Check Lists
The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
The Brief Assessment Schedule-Depression
The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
The Carroll Rating Scale for
Depression
Conclusion
8. Mental Status Testing
Measurements of Cognition, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Scope of the Chapter
The Dementia Rating Scale
The Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination
The Clock Drawing Test
The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment
Scale
The Information-memory-concentration Test
The Dementia Scale
The Mental Status Questionnaire
The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire
The Mini-mental State Examination
The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly
The Clifton Assessment
Procedures for the Elderly
The Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination
Conclusion
Additional Instruments
Screening Tests
Instruments for Clinical Application
Diagnostic Instruments
9. Pain Measurements
Theoretical Approaches to Pain
Approaches to
Pain Measurement
Questionnaire Techniques
Behavioral Measurements of Pain
Analogue Methods
Scope of the Chapter
Visual Analogue Pain Rating Scales
The McGill Pain Questionnaire
The Medical Outcomes Study in Pain Measures
The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability
Questionnaire
The Back Pain Classification Scale
The Pain and Distress Scale
The Illness Behavior Questionnaire
The Pain Perception Profile
Conclusion
10. General Health Status and Quality of Life
Measuring Quality of Life
Scope of the Chapter
The Arthritis Impact
Measurement Scales
The Physical and Mental-Impairment-of-function Evaluation
The Functional Assessment Inventory
The Functional Living Index
The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy
The Eortc Quality of Life Questionnaire
The Quality-adjusted Time Without Symptoms and
Toxicity Index
The Quality of Life Index
The Coop Charts for Primary Care Practices
Single-Item Health Indicators
The Functional Status Questionnaire
The Duke Health Profile
The Oars Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire
The Comprehensive Assessment and
Referral Evaluation
The Multilevel Assessment Instrument
The Self-evaluation of Life Function Scale
The Sickness Impact Profile
The Nottingham Health Profile
The Short-form-36 Health Survey
The Short-form-12 Health Survey
The Disability and Distress Scale
The Quality
of Well-being Scale
The Health Utilities Index
The Euroqol Eq-5d Quality of Life Scale
Conclusion
11. Recommendations and Conclusions
The Current Status of Mental Health Measurement
Guidelines for Developing Health Measurements
Final Remarks
Glossary of Technical
Terms
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Ian McDowell is at University of Ottawa.
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